References and Links

• "Reptiles & Amphibians of the Smokies" by Stephen G. Tilley and James E. Huheey
• "Discovering Amphibians" by John Himmelman
• "Eastern Foresst" by Ann and Myron Sutton
• "North American Wildlife" published by Reader's Digest
• "The Encyclopedia of Amphibians" by Robert Hofrichter
• Frogland - A source for all things froggie and toady. Includes indepth species caresheets.
• Livingunderworld.org

CLASSIFICATION

Toads are classified in the phylum -Chordata, subphylum -Vertebrata, class -Amphibia, order -Anura. The genus that includes more than 300 species is Bufo of the family Bufonidae. Besides Bufo, the family includes 25 genera. The giant toad is classified as Bufo marinus. The American toad is classified as Bufo americanus and the southern toad as Bufo terrestris.

SPECIES FOUND IN THIS AREA

Toads found in the southern Appalachians are: Eastern Spadefoot, a relatively smooth skinned toad that uses the hard spades on the hind feet to dig burrows in sand or loose dirt; American Toad, a prodigious insect eater; Common Toad (also known as Woodhouse's Toad); and Fowler's Toad (a subspecies of Woodhouse's Toad) that is   found through most of the United States.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

Toads are mostly nocturnal, resting during the day in burrows, in trees, or under leaves, undected unless they leap out from under your feet. Toads will also hibernate in burrows. In spring they mate, and the females (which tend to be bigger than the males) lay their eggs in the water in gelatinous strings that are 4 ft. (1.2 m) or more in length. These strands are usually double strands, where frog eggs are laid in clumps. There are some toads (genera Nectophrynoides) that are the only types of anurans to bear live young! Toads tend to lay many eggs because there are many hazards between fertalization and becoming full grown. In captivity, many species of frogs and toads can live for surprisingly long times. They seem generally to average somewhere between 4 and 15 years! Their tongues produce quantities of mucus to help in swallowing. All anurans (toads included) blink when they swallow. And because no bone exists between the eye and the mouth, the eye is pushed against the roof of the mouth, forcing the food further back. The parotoid glands, the swellings behind the eyes, are a defense against predators. These glands secrete fluids that are toxic if taken internally. The warts (on some toads) exude a similar toxin. Some toads can squirt poison at potential predators, from the parotoid glands. If you've ever hear a dog "scream" after picking up an American Toad, now you know what happened! And despite the myth, toads do not cause warts!

WHERE THEY LIVE

Toads are native to most of the major landmasses of the world except Greenland, Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, Madagascar, and of course, the polar regions. But they are most abundant in the tropical regions. Toads can live farther from water sources than frogs can. Because they have tougher skin that doesn't dry out as fast as a frog's skin would. Though Bufo marinus has been artificially introduced into Australia and some South Pacific islands.

WHAT THEY EAT

Toads eat insects, grubs, slugs, worms, and other invertebrates like other amphibians do. As tadpoles, they eat plants. Toads, as pets, will eat fruit or vegetables. But toads in the garden, as insect eaters, should be valued for their role in pest-control!

APPEARANCE

Toads are characterized by: stubby bodies with short hind legs, warty and dry skin (usually preferring dryer climates), and prominent bony ridges on top of their heads with conspicuous swellings (parotoid glands) behind the eyes. The physical distinctions of toads to frogs, can easily get blurred because sometimes the features appear mixed or less obivious, and certain species even legitimately fall into both categories. It is not uncommon to find a warty skinned frog that isn't a toad. Even the inside stuff like cartilage structure has been found to sometimes fit both categories. Toads are often brownish or grayish in color with bright, jewel-like eyes with a transverse pupil; and slightly webbed toes. Toads are often stouter than frogs and cannot leap as far. The tongue of the toad is attached to the front of its mouth. The tongue is flicked forward from the mouth, and the sticky tip grasps the prey and carries it back to the mouth. Unlike most frogs, most toads do not have teeth.